Thorium Reactor Market to Record an Exponential CAGR by 2025
It
is about three times more abundant than uranium. Thorium exists in a
single isotopic form - Th-232 - that decays slowly. Monazite, a rare
earth phosphate mineral, is the common source of thorium. It contains
up to 12% thorium phosphate. Monazite is found in igneous and other
rocks with richest deposits in areas concentrated by waves and
current action with other heavy minerals. World monazite resources
are estimated to stand at about 16 million tons of which 12 million
tons are in heavy mineral sands deposits on the south and east coasts
of India.
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Thorium
is not fissile; therefore, it is not directly usable in a thermal
neutron reactor. However, it is ‘fertile’ and upon absorbing a
neutron transmutes to uranium-233 (U-233), which is an excellent
fissile fuel material. All thorium fuel concepts therefore require
that Th-232 first be irradiated in a reactor to provide the necessary
neutron dosing to produce protactinium-233. The Pa-233 that is
produced can either be chemically separated from the parent thorium
fuel and the decay product U-233 then recycled into new fuel, or the
U-233 may be usable ‘in-situ’ in the same fuel form, especially
in molten salt reactors (MSRs). Therefore, thorium fuels need a
fissile material as a ‘driver’ so that a chain reaction can be
maintained. The only fissile driver options are U-233, U-235, or
Pu-239, these are not easily available.
A
basic design principle in thorium fuel systems is that of
heterogeneous fuel arrangement, wherein a high fissile fuel zone
called the seed region is physically separated from the fertile
thorium part of the fuel known as blanket. Such an arrangement is
better for supplying surplus neutrons to thorium nuclei so they can
convert to fissile U-233. This principle applies to all the
thorium-capable reactor systems. There are seven types of reactors
into which thorium can be introduced as a nuclear fuel: Heavy Water
Reactors (PHWRs), High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTRs),
Boiling (Light) Water Reactors (BWRs), Pressurized (Light) Water
Reactors (PWRs), Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs), Molten Salt Reactors
(MSRs), and Accelerator Driven Reactors (ADS).
A
thorium fuel cycle offers several potential advantages over uranium
fuel cycle. These include much greater abundance on earth, superior
physical and nuclear fuel properties, and reduced nuclear waste
production. Since 2008, nuclear energy experts have shown key
interests in thorium to supply nuclear fuel in place of uranium in
order to generate nuclear power. Thorium is key in developing a new
generation of cleaner and safer nuclear power. Considering its
overall potential, thorium-based power can mean a 1000+ year solution
or a quality low-carbon bridge towards sustainable energy sources.
This would help eradicate a large portion of the mankind’s negative
environmental impact.
Research
and development activities of thorium-based nuclear reactors are
primarily being carried out in the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Brazil,
India, China, France, the Czech Republic, Japan, Russia, Canada,
Israel, and the Netherlands. In 2013, Thorium Power Canada planned
and proposed development of thorium power projects for Chile and
Indonesia. India has one of the largest supplies of thorium in the
world, with comparatively poor quantities of uranium. The country
estimates to meet about 30% of the demand for electricity through
thorium by 2050.
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The
major reactor manufacturing companies are General Electric, Mitsubshi
Heavy Industries, Terrestrial Energy, Moltex Energy, ThorCon Power,
Terra Power, Flibe Energy, Transatomic Power Corporation, Thor Energy
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