Liquid Metal Battery Market to Undertake Strapping Growth During 2025
Efficiency
and reliability of energy transmission and storage is dependent on
the storage capacity of the battery. This is applicable to all
systems, ranging from small personal devices to power grids.
Batteries are used to supply power to portable devices, to fuel
vehicles, and to cause disruptions in the working of electric grids.
However, despite the high applicability of batteries, technological
advances in the battery industry in meeting the demand for power in
the modern world have been slow-paced.
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A
noteworthy innovation in the battery industry is the pioneering
research on liquid-metal rechargeable batteries conducted by
Professor Donald Sadoway at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. The research included application of magnesium-antimony
(Mg-Sb) and lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) in the experiments at MIT. In the
experiment, electrode and electrolyte layers are heated until they
turn into liquid and segregate due to density and immiscibility.
Liquid metal batteries have longer lifespans than conventional
batteries.
The
technology for liquid metal batteries was first proposed in 2009. It
was based on the separation of magnesium and antimony by molten salt.
The selection of magnesium and antimony at negative and positive
electrodes, respectively, was done primarily due to their low cost.
Moreover, magnesium exhibited low solubility in molten-salt
electrolyte, whereas, antimony was anticipated to discharge higher
voltage.
Based
on metal composition in battery, the liquid metal battery market can
be segmented into Mg-Sb battery, Pb-Sb battery, and Na-S battery.
Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are partially molten-metal batteries.
They can be used for storing energy for renewable applications, load
leveling, or providing backup source. Raw materials required for
producing Na-S batteries are relatively inexpensive; they are also
abundantly available. However, the lifespan of Na-S battery is short
due to degradation caused by the corrosive nature of its active
ingredients viz. sodium and sulfur. Furthermore, usage of Na-S
batteries has been limited to large-sized applications.
In
2010, commercialization of the liquid metal battery technology
invented at MIT was carried out through the Liquid Metal Battery
Corporation (LMBC). The company was later renamed as Ambri in 2012.
Ambri launched its commercialized liquid metal battery technology in
2016. Liquid metal batteries are projected to have a lifespan of more
than 15 years with no degradation in performance. These batteries can
be custom designed in order to meet specific needs.
Development
of liquid metal battery is an innovative approach for solving
problems in grid-scale electricity storage. Integration of renewable
resources into power grid can be improved with the capabilities of
liquid metal batteries. Moreover, liquid metal batteries are
perceived to improve the reliability of an aging grid. They are also
likely to counterbalance the requirement of additional transmission,
generation, and distribution assets in a grid system. The end-user
market of liquid metal battery is fairly competitive as constant
innovations targeting utility-scale energy storage applications are
underway.
The
liquid metal battery utilizes three liquid layers as electroactive
components. These components comprise liquid metal positive
electrode, a fused salt electrolyte, and a liquid metal negative
electrode. Due to the difference in their density and immiscible
properties, these three liquid layers can float on top of each other.
This characteristic, along with the usage of inexpensive materials,
fosters low assembly cost of liquid metal batteries.
Liquid
metal batteries can overcome mechanism failure generally faced by
solid-state battery components. This has the potential to elongate
the lifespan of the device. Ongoing research in this field comprises
several engineering challenges and scientific topics such as
computational thermal modeling, fundamental thermodynamic
measurements of candidate electrode couples, electrochemical studies
of molten salt electrolytes, long term corrosion and lifespan
testing, and scaling up the design to build larger single-cells.
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Key
players operating in the liquid metal battery market include Ambri
Inc., EnerVault, Aquion, and Pellion Technologies.
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